How Chat Systems Became Digital Infrastructure From Early Mainframes to Future Agents: From Instant Messages to Intelligent Assistants

The rise of online dialogue begins well before social platforms. In the 1950s, computers were large, scarce, and difficult to operate. Work was usually handled through batch processing. People prepared punched cards, submitted jobs and commands, and waited for a line-printer output to return answers. This process was slow, and it left little space

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